During the Islamic Golden Age, which limitation impacted astronomers calculating planetary orbits using epicycles?

💡 Explanation

When modeling planetary motion, the assumption of uniform circular motion created discrepancies because actual orbits are elliptical, leading to inaccuracies when using purely circular epicycles to fit observations. Therefore reliance on uniform circular motion was limiting, rather than trigonometry, obliquity, or parallax which would improve accuracy assuming circular orbits.

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• Which effect limited image resolution in early Islamic-era concave mirrors used for burning during sieges?
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