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If the work function of a metal is held constant, which outcome results when temperature increases in thermionic emission?

A)Kinetic energy distribution broadens
B)Conduction band vacancy decreases
C)Fermi level shifts downward
D)Electron effective mass decreases

💡 Explanation

Increased thermal energy allows more electrons to overcome the material's work function via thermionic emission, because increased thermal energy broadens the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Therefore, the kinetic energy distribution widens, rather than a change in the band structure.

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