In a rule-based expert system, which consequence follows if a knowledge base contains both '∀x: P(x) → Q(x)' and 'P(a)'?

💡 Explanation

If '∀x: P(x) → Q(x)' and 'P(a)' are present, Universal Instantiation allows substitution of 'a' for 'x', and Modus Ponens derives Q(a) from P(a) → Q(a), because these are inference rules. Therefore, Q(a) is inferred, rather than a contradiction or ignoring the rule.

• If a lossless compression algorithm is designed for genetic sequences with uneven base frequencies, which consequence follows from using Huffman coding?
• If a website allows users to assign 5-star ratings to products, and a user rates 3 products, which method prevents overcounting when calculating the total possible rating combinations?
• A network of interconnected computers is designed such that every computer is connected to at least 'd' others. Which outcome regarding communication resilience occurs as 'd' increases?
• A recursive function calculates factorials. What happens if the base case (n=0) is omitted, causing infinite recursion?
• What happens to the accuracy of a medical diagnostic test when the pre-test probability of disease decreases significantly in a population?
• A wireless router allocates bandwidth to connected devices using a greedy algorithm; which consequence follows?