Which effect consistently biased positional star data obtained using early Islamic astrolabes?

💡 Explanation

Early astrolabes produced by Islamic astronomers contained small errors in the etched altitude and azimuth scales, because dividing circles accurately via calibrated machinery was not possible, leading to systematic inaccuracies. Therefore measurement error occurs, rather than atmospheric refraction or heating which cause stochastic, rather than biased, errors under normal conditions.

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