Which ground deformation occurs when thawing permafrost causes differential settling below a roadbed?

💡 Explanation

When permafrost thaws unevenly, thermokarst subsidence occurs because the ground loses structural support as ice turns to water, causing depressions and uneven settling. Therefore, this results in thermokarst subsidence, rather than frost heave, isostatic rebound, or liquefaction which involve different processes.

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