Which instability arises when a high-gain PID controller overcompensates within a chemical reactor's temperature regulation loop?

💡 Explanation

When a PID controller with excessive gain tries to regulate rapid temperature changes, overcompensation leads to oscillations around the setpoint, because the aggressive corrections continuously overshoot, causing limit cycling. Therefore sustained oscillations result, rather than thermal runaway, drift or saturation each require different preconditions.

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