Which mechanism caused 'wallowing' in 18th-century timber-hulled ships despite external hull reinforcement?

💡 Explanation

When subjected to wave forces, ships exhibited 'wallowing', the racking deformation that comes from poor joint rigidity because mortise-and-tenon joints lacked adhesives and metal fasteners so the whole structure bent. Therefore, racking resulted, rather than hogging, sagging, or shearing require different points of structural weakness and loading.

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