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← ScienceWhich mechanism explains the formation of stable diatomic oxygen (O₂) in planetary atmospheres during star formation?
A)Symmetric sigma (σ) bonding via p-orbital overlap✓
B)Antisymmetric pi (π) bonding via s-orbital mixing
C)Charge transfer via induced dipole interactions
D)Spin-orbit coupling in weakly bound d-orbitals
💡 Explanation
Oxygen forms diatomic molecules via covalent sigma bonding because the overlap of p-orbitals generates a shared electron cloud with lower energy and increased stability. Therefore, sigma bonding results in O₂ formation, rather than pi bonding, charge transfer, or spin-orbit coupling, which involve different orbital interactions.
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