Which mechanism limits the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells despite efficient molecular light absorption?

💡 Explanation

When excited by light, dye molecules inject electrons into the TiO2, but electron recombination occurs because surface defects act as trap states that capture electrons before they reach the collecting electrode, reducing overall charge collection. Therefore electron recombination at the TiO2 surface becomes limiting, rather than electrolyte decomposition, dye aggregation or quantum tunneling, which relate to different failure modes.

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