Which mechanism permitted medieval Islamic engineers to precisely orient the qibla despite long travel in often unmapped territories?

💡 Explanation

Spherical trigonometry provided a relation between location, Mecca, and the sun's position, facilitating precise calculation of the qibla direction because it allowed translating terrestrial coordinates to azimuthal angles. Therefore, the qibla could be computed independent of the terrain, rather than trusting local knowledge.

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