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Which outcome affects district heating efficiency during aquifer thermal energy storage?

A)Scale formation in heat exchangers
B)Bacterial contamination of circulating water
C)Solid-liquid phase transition inefficiency
D)Thermal stratification within storage tanks

💡 Explanation

Inefficiency arises because the solid-liquid phase transition during each thermal cycle introduces losses due to incomplete phase change; therefore energy is consumed without net energy transfer, rather than ideal thermal energy storage which would have minimized phase transitioning when conditions are optimal.

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