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Which outcome arises when a low-friction Stirling engine operates near theoretical Carnot efficiency?

A)Isothermal heat transfer becomes infinitely slow
B)Adiabatic compression generates excessive material stress
C)Regenerator matrix suffers thermal fatigue cracking
D)Volumetric swept area approaches zero

💡 Explanation

Perfect Carnot efficiency requires isothermal processes, but isothermal heat transfer needs infinite time to occur with a finite temperature difference; the finite temperature gradient lowers performance because irreversible expansion supplants theoretical equilibrium, rather than increasing stress.

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