Which outcome arises when a PID controller's integral term windup causes continuously open hydraulic valve operation?

💡 Explanation

When a PID controller's integral term winds up and the valve gets continuously operated, excessive control input to compensate for a persistent error occurs, causing continuous increase in control action beyond saturation limits, causing erratic oscillations around the setpoint. Therefore oscillation results, rather than stiffness reduction, excess consumption or overheating, which emerge from specific actuator or valve malfunctions.

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