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Which outcome changes stalactite isotopic ratios due to precipitation?

A)Vapor fractionation during evaporation
B)Kinetic effects during CO₂ degassing
C)Rayleigh distillation within the air
D)Equilibrium fractionation during condensation

💡 Explanation

Vapor fractionation enriches heavier isotopes in remaining liquid, driving changes in stalactite isotopic ratios because preferential removal of lighter isotopes during evaporation changes the water's composition. Thus, vapor transport dominates, rather than equilibrium caused by condensation effects.

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