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Which outcome occurred in some pre-Columbian chinampa systems during prolonged anaerobic soil conditions used for maize cultivation?

A)Increased nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter
B)Acceleration of iron sulfide mineral formation
C)Decline in phosphate availability for plants
D)Enhancement of silicon uptake by roots

💡 Explanation

During prolonged anaerobic conditions in chinampa soils, microbial respiration shifts to use oxidized minerals like iron and phosphorus as electron acceptors, lowering phosphate solubility because reduction releases other ions that precipitate phosphate. Therefore, plant phosphate availability declines, rather than increased nitrogen fixation, iron sulfide formation, or enhanced silicon uptake that require aerobic or different geochemical conditions.

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