Which outcome occurs when freeze-thaw cycles cause rock weathering above a permafrost layer?

💡 Explanation

The formation of solifluction lobes is triggered because freeze-thaw weathering causes saturated soil to detach and sag downhill via gelifluction, therefore soil lobes form rather than deep valleys, which are formed by fluvial erosion, and requires continuous liquid water not permafrost.

• Which process drives the formation of horst and graben structures along a normal fault?
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• Which outcome occurs when increased rainfall accelerates chemical weathering?
• Which risk increases when urban development reduces floodplain storage behind a natural levee system?