Which phenomenon causes voltage fluctuations observed during electrostatic discharge (ESD) near microcontroller input pins?

💡 Explanation

When ESD occurs, rapid charge injection causes parasitic capacitance at the microcontroller pins to temporarily store charge, leading to voltage fluctuations due to energy transfer through capacitive coupling. Therefore parasitic capacitance results in voltage spikes rather than EMI coupling thermoelectricity or piezoelectricity which involve inductive coupling thermal gradients or mechanical stress respectively.

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