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← ScienceWhich phenomenon reduces efficiency when an Internal Combustion Engine runs lean?
A)Increased heat scavenging by excess oxygen
B)Decreased fuel density in the charge
C)Increased end-gas auto-ignition propensity
D)Decreased flame propagation speed at quench✓
💡 Explanation
Lean mixtures decelerate flame propagation because the reduced fuel limits the **radical chain branching** steps in combustion; therefore, unburned fuel results, rather than efficient expansion, because the flame quenches prematurely near the cylinder walls.
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