Which process impacts oxygen extraction efficiency from water flowing over fish gills in cold environments?

💡 Explanation

When temperature decreases hemoglobin affinity increases due to altered protein conformation, hindering oxygen offloading at tissues in fish, affecting oxygen extraction from water because less oxygen can be accepted in the blood. Therefore increased hemoglobin affinity decreases transfer, rather than viscosity, metabolism or countercurrent as these would have other contributing or reverse influences.

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