Which change accelerates topsoil development during primary succession?

💡 Explanation

Greater bioturbation increases soil porosity, because animals mix organic matter throughout immature substrates via tunneling. Developing topsoil is sped up; therefore bioturbation boosts soil generation, rather than processes such as sediment sorting affecting existing soils.

• Which outcome occurs when a coastal cliff composed of shale experiences repeated freeze-thaw cycles?
• Which risk increases when an alluvial channel experiences increased sediment load during flash flooding?
• Which soil outcome results when differential weathering occurs?
• Which erosion risk increases where deep-rooted shrubland transitions to heavily grazed pasture?
• Which outcome occurs when an eruption column collapses?
• Which process primarily causes cirque formation beneath a glacier terminus?