Which consequence results when water refreezes within porous building stone?

💡 Explanation

Freeze-thaw weathering leads to cracking because ice expansion generates stress beyond tensile strength, causing internal Crack Propagation. This outcome occurs rather than oxidation or polymerization because the phase changes apply mechanical forces rather than chemical reactions.

• During Roman sieges, which outcome arose from concentrated catapult fire eroding supporting soil around a city wall's base?
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• Which navigational risk increased when early 18th-century mariners relied solely on dead reckoning accounting for variations in prevailing winds?
• Which consequence results when a Roman castrum wall's mortar experiences repeated freeze-thaw cycles?
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