Which mechanism causes increased light extraction in LEDs grown epitaxially upon sapphire crystals that meet the angle of total internal refraction?

💡 Explanation

When LEDs are fabricated using crystal substrates exceeding the critical angle, light extraction diminishes until Bragg scattering redirects photons to escape the crystal. Bragg diffraction operates; therefore scattering is increased rather than complete internal reflection occurring as expected in homogeneous film.

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