Which outcome occurs when snowpack rapidly melts along a fault during sudden tectonic movement?

💡 Explanation

A sudden earthquake can cause snow/ice melt, and result in increased lubrication of that fault through increased pore pressure and decreased shear stress (ice front retreat); therefore, glacial outburst floods are more prominent, rather than only seismicity, since melted water volume quickly increases.

• Which outcome occurs when burrowing organisms introduce significant bioturbation in permafrost regions?
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• Which risk significantly increases when rising magma incorporates substantial groundwater near a stratovolcano crater?