Which phenomenon causes decreased efficiency in cryogenic liquid transfer lines at vacuum levels of 10^-2 Torr?

💡 Explanation

At 10^-2 Torr, gas convection heating becomes significant as residual gas molecules transfer heat through collisions, increasing the heat load. Therefore gas convection heating results, rather than other factors like radiation or conduction, which are dominant at different vacuum levels or system conditions such as less effective insulation.

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