Which risk increases when rapidly closing a gate valve in a long oil pipeline?

💡 Explanation

When closing a valve rapidly, the fluid's momentum is abruptly halted creating hydraulic shock or water hammer because the fluid pressure surges considerably upstream. Therefore water hammer that can rupture the pipe results, rather than lock, erosion, stiction which require different upstream mechanisms.

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• Which outcome occurs when overheating causes excessive electron-hole pairs in a MOSFET?